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8

This is a partial answer suggesting a possible causal mechanism. One of the factors leading to birth defects and autism is mutations in the parent's genetic material. In a recently published article, Sun et al. (2012) observed that: The paternal-to-maternal mutation rate ratio is 3.3, and the rate in fathers doubles from age 20 to 58, whereas there is ...


7

Cross-race effect in facial processing As @analystic has noted, there is substantial research documenting what is sometimes called the "cross-race effect": Cross-race effect (sometimes called cross-race bias, other-race bias or own-race bias) is the tendency for people of one race to have difficulty recognizing and processing faces and facial ...


4

This is probably an example of the "cross-race effect", in which people of one ethnic group (you're talking ethnicity, not culture here) have trouble distinguishing between members of another ethnic group. It comes down to familiarity basically - if we are more familiar with the features of a white face (for example) then we'll be able to notice minor ...


3

I did a little search and found an article by Moen (1996) which seems relevant. Moen summarised the existing evidence as follows: Poor physical health is frequently a reason for retiring (Anderson & Burkhauser, 1985; Bound, 1991; Chirikos & Nestel, 1989; Palmore, Burchett, Filenbaum, George, & Wallman, 1985), leading to a view of a ...



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